Isifinyezo esiphezulu
IBelarus ingumholi wesifunda ekukhiqizweni kwezinkukhu. Ngokusho kweKomidi Likazwelonke Lezibalo laseRiphabhulikhi yaseBelarus, izwe ligcine izinhloko zezinkukhu eziyizigidi ezingama-54.5 kusukela ngoJanuwari 2026, kanti izinkukhu zingu-41.6% wenani lenyama ethengisiwe — zisuka ku-40.5% ngo-2024. Ezinhlanganweni zezolimo ezingu-38 zesizwe ezibandakanyeka ekulimeni izinkukhu, ezingu-20 zigxile ekukhiqizweni kwezinkukhu, zizonke zikhiqiza amathani angu-693,000 enyama yezinkukhu minyaka yonke.
Lesi sihloko sibhala ngohambo lokuthengwa kwefektri yokudla kwenkukhu eBelarus eyayifuna ukuthuthukisa umugqa wayo wokugaya ngefektri yokugaya inkukhu. Icala lihlola ukuthi ifektri ihlole kanjani ubuchwepheshe bokwenza imigodi yenkukhu, yahlola ukuvuthwa kokukhiqiza kwabaphakeli, futhi ekugcineni yathola ikhwalithi efanayo yefektri yokudla kwenkukhu ngokubambisana neLiyang Hongyang Feed Machinery Co., Ltd.
1. Indawo Yokudla Kwezinkukhu YaseBelarusian: Kungani Ikhwalithi Ye-Ring Die Ibalulekile
Umkhakha wezinkukhu waseBelarus usebenza ngezinga lezimboni. UMongameli u-Alexander Lukashenko, ekhuluma engqungqutheleni kazwelonke yokuthuthukiswa komkhakha wezinkukhu eSoligorsk ngasekupheleni kuka-2024, waphawula ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwenyama yezinkukhu kuleli zwe sekuvele kudlule isidingo sasekhaya cishe ngo-60%, kanti ukuthengiswa kwenyama yezinkukhu kufinyelela inzuzo engu-8.5%. Lokhu kusala kubeka iBelarus njengomthumeli ngaphandle kwe-Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), kodwa futhi kusho ukuthi izindawo zokudla zibhekene nengcindezi eqhubekayo yokugcina ukukhiqizwa okuncintisanayo ngezindleko.
Ukudla kumelela u-50-60% wezindleko zokukhiqiza izinkukhu. Kumshini wokugaya okhiqiza amathani ayi-100,000 okuphakelwa kwezinkukhu minyaka yonke, ngisho nokuthuthuka okungu-1% ekuqineni kwama-pellet — ukunciphisa izinhlawulo kanye nokuchitheka kokudla — kungaholela ekongeni okuphindwe kasithupha ezindlekweni zezinto zokusetshenziswa ngonyaka wokukhiqiza.
Idayi yendandatho iyinhliziyo yalesi sibalo. Yingxenye esetshenziswayo enquma ubuningi be-pellet, ukuqina, ukukhishwa kwamandla, kanye nokusetshenziswa kwamandla. Idayi yendandatho engakhiqizwe kahle enobubanzi bemigodi obungaguquki, izindawo zangaphakathi eziqinile, noma ukusatshalaliswa kobunzima obungalingani kuzokhiqiza ama-pellet aqhekeka ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa, akhiqize izinhlawulo eziningi, futhi aphoqe injini ye-pellet mill ukuthi isebenze kanzima - konke lokhu kunciphisa inzuzo.
Kumshini wokugaya waseBelarus ochazwe lapha, isinqumo sokutshala imali kumshini wokugaya i-ring die pellet onembayo ephezulu saqhutshwa amaqiniso amathathu okusebenza:
1. Ulayini wokugaya okhona, owafakwa eminyakeni engaphezu kweshumi edlule, wawukhiqiza amanani e-PDI angu-86–89% ekwakhiweni kwe-broiler — ngaphansi komkhawulo ongu-92% wemisebenzi ye-broiler ehlanganisiwe yesigayo edingekayo.
2. Imvamisa yokushintsha idayisi yayikhuphukile kusukela emahoreni okusebenza angu-800-1,000 kuya emahoreni angu-500-600, okubonisa ukuguguleka okusheshayo okuvela ezintweni ezingafanele kanye nokuphela kwendawo enezimbobo.
3. Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwakungene kwafinyelela ku-48 kWh/t, okubangelwa ukumelana okukhulu kokungqubuzana kuma-dies agugile.
2. Inqubo Yokuthenga: Ukuhlola Ukuvuthwa Kokukhiqiza I-Ring Die
Ithimba labaphathi befekthri, elakhiwa umqondisi wokukhiqiza, unjiniyela oyinhloko, kanye nomphathi wokuthengwa kwempahla, lasungula uhlaka lokuhlola oluhlelekile ngaphambi kokuya kubaphakeli.
2.1 Izindlela Zokuhlola Ubuchwepheshe
Ithimba lichaze izigaba ezinhlanu zokuhlolwa kwabaphakeli:
| Isigaba | Isisindo | Izinkomba Eziyinhloko |
|—|—|—|
| Ubuchwepheshe bokwenza imigodi | 30% | Indlela yokubhoboza, ukuqina kokuqeda ubuso, ukuqondile kwemigodi |
| Ukwelashwa kwezinto nokushisa | 25% | Izinga lensimbi, ukufana kobulukhuni, ikhono lokucima i-vacuum |
| Amandla okwenza ngokwezifiso | 20% | Umklamo wesilinganiso sokucindezela, ukulungiswa kwephethini yemigodi yezinto zokusetshenziswa zasendaweni |
| Isitifiketi kanye nemibhalo | 15% | Ukuhambisana ne-EAEU, imibiko yokuhlolwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo, amamephu obunzima |
| Usekelo lwangemva kokuthengisa | 10% | Ukuthunyelwa konjiniyela, ukutholakala kwezingxenye ezisele, usekelo lobuchwepheshe olukude |
2.2 Umbuzo Wobuchwepheshe Bokwenza Imigodi
Umbuzo owodwa obaluleke kakhulu wezobuchwepheshe umshini owawubuza bonke abaphakeli wawuthi: “Uzibhoboza kanjani izimbobo?”
Lona akuyona umbuzo olula. Idayi eliyindandatho lomshini wokugaya ama-pellet ophakathi kuya komkhulu liqukethe imigodi engu-3,000-5,000, ngayinye ibhobozwe ngendandatho yensimbi enobukhulu obungu-80-140 mm. Ikhwalithi yalezi zimbobo — ukuqina kwazo kobubanzi, ukunemba, kanye nokuphela kobuso bangaphakathi — inquma ngqo ikhwalithi yama-pellet.
Abahlinzeki abasebenzisa izindlela ezivamile zokubhoboza ngokushintshashintsha emishinini eyenziwa ngesandla noma ezenzakalelayo bavame ukukhiqiza imigodi enobulukhuni bomphezulu (Ra) ebangeni eliphakathi kuka-3.2–6.3 µm. Ngokuphambene nalokho, abakhiqizi abasebenzisa ukubhoboza imigodi ejulile ye-CNC ngokulethwa kokupholisa okunomfutho ophezulu — besebenzisa i-BTA (Boring and Trepanning Association) noma amathuluzi okubhoboza izibhamu — bangafinyelela amanani e-Ra angaphansi kuka-1.6 µm, kanye nokubekezelelana kobubanzi bemigodi ngaphakathi kuka-±0.05 mm.
Ithimba lokuhlola lomshini waseBelarus livakashele abahlinzeki ababili abangaba khona futhi labuyekeza imibhalo yobuchwepheshe evela kwabanye abathathu. Umehluko obalulekile wawubonakala ngaphansi kokukhulisa: Imigodi ebholwe nge-CNC ibonise izimpawu zamathuluzi ezifanayo, ezizungezile ezihambisana nokusika okuqondisiwe kwephuzu elilodwa; imigodi ebholwe ngendlela evamile ibonise izindawo ezingajwayelekile, ezidabukile ezibonisa ukupakisha ama-chip kanye nokuzulazula kwe-drill.
2.3 Ukukhetha Imishini Yokuphakela yaseHongyang
Ngemva kwenqubo yokuhlola yezinyanga ezine, lo mshini wokugaya uqoke iLiyang Hongyang Feed Machinery Co., Ltd. njengomhlinzeki wawo womshini wokugaya ama-ring die pellet. Isinqumo sasisekelwe ezitholweni ezintathu:
- Ukusetshenziswa kukaHongyang kwemishini yokubhoboza imigodi ejulile ye-CNC enokulethwa kwe-coolant enomfutho ophezulu, okwenza ukuqeda kobuso bemigodi kube lula ngokulinganisa kunabahlinzeki abancintisanayo ngentengo efanayo.
- Ukuzimisela kwenkampani ukunikeza izitifiketi zezinto eziningiliziwe (imibiko yokuhlolwa kwensimbi) kanye namamephu okusabalalisa ubulukhuni bedayi ngayinye yendandatho — imibhalo yokuthi ithimba lokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi yenkampani lingabhekisela kumthethonqubo wezobuchwepheshe we-EAEU TR CU 010/2011.
- Inqubo yobunjiniyela ephendulayo ngaphambi kokuthengisa: zingakapheli amasonto amabili ngemuva kokuthola iphrofayili yezinto zokusetshenziswa zomshini wokugaya (ukolweni nebhali lendawo kuhlanganiswe nokudla kwesoya okungenisiwe, umswakama ojwayelekile ongu-13–15%), ithimba lobuchwepheshe laseHongyang lincome isilinganiso sokucindezela esingu-1:9 sefomula yokuqala yenkukhu kanye no-1:10 we-finisher, okuqinisekiswa idatha yereferensi evela ekufakweni okufanayo.
3. Ukucushwa Nokufakwa Kwemishini
Imishini yokugaya ya-oda ingxenye ephelele yokugaya eyakhiwe cishe ngemishini yokugaya eyodwa ye-SZLH420 ring die pellet (injini enkulu engu-110 kW, eqhutshwa yigiya). I-oda lalihlanganisa:
- Amadayi amabili endandatho yensimbi engagqwali (ibanga le-X46Cr13 / 4Cr13): elilodwa elinobubanzi bembobo engu-3.0 mm kanye nesilinganiso sokucindezela esingu-1:9 sokudla kokuqala kwenkukhu, kanye nelinye elinembobo engu-3.5 mm kanye nesilinganiso sokucindezela esingu-1:10 sokudla kwenkukhu yokuqedela inkukhu.
- Isethi eyodwa yama-rollers asele ane-bearings evaliwe.
- Isithambisi esinezingqimba ezimbili esinesikhathi sokugcina imizuzwana eyi-150-180, esenzelwe ukufeza i-gelatinization yesitashi engaphezu kwama-30% ku-10 t/h throughput.
- Isibandisi esijikelezayo (imodeli ye-SKLN6) kanye nesivikeli sokulinganisa esijikelezayo.
Imishini yathunyelwa nge-China-Europe Railway Express eya eMinsk, kanye nokupakishwa okulwa nokugqwala kanye nama-crate angashaqeki achazwe ohambweni lwesitimela olungamakhilomitha angu-7,500. Ukufakwa kwaqedwa emavikini amahlanu yithimba elihlangene lonjiniyela baseHongyang kanye nabasebenzi bokulungisa befekthri, kanti ukuqaliswa kokusebenza kwenziwa ngoFebhuwari 2025.
Idatha yokuthumela ihlangabezane nezimfuneko zomklamo ekuqaleni kokukhiqiza:
- Umthamo: 10.3 t/h ku-92% we-motor load (isilinganiso: 10–12 t/h)
- Izinga lokushisa lokukhipha i-conditioner: 86–89 °C
- Inkomba Yokuqina Kwe-Pellet (PDI): 95.4% ekwakhiweni kokuqala kwenkukhu yenkukhu
- Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla athile: 41.8 kWh/t
4. Imiphumela Yokusebenza: Izinyanga Eziyisithupha Zokukhiqiza Idatha
Ngemva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha zokukhiqiza okuqhubekayo (Mashi-Agasti 2025), amarekhodi okulawula ikhwalithi yesitsha abonise:
| Ipharamitha | Umugqa Wefa (Ngaphambi Kokuthuthukiswa) | Umugqa Omusha waseHongyang | Ukuthuthukiswa |
|—|—|—|—|
| Isilinganiso se-PDI (isiqalisi senkukhu) | 87.5% | 95.8% | +8.3 pp |
| Isilinganiso se-PDI (i-broiler finisher) | 88.2% | 96.1% | +7.9 pp |
| Amandla athile (kWh/t) | 48.2 | 41.6 | -13.7% |
| Impilo yesevisi (amahora) | 550–620 | 950+ (okuqhubekayo) | +55%+ |
| Izinga lokubuyiselwa kwemali yezinhlawulo (% yomkhiqizo osetshenzisiwe) | 8.1% | 3.2% | -60.5% |
| Izinga lokwakheka kwama-pellet | 90.3% | ≥96% | +5.7 pp |
Ukwehla kwezinga lokubuyiselwa kwezinhlawulo kuphela — kusukela ku-8.1% kuya ku-3.2% — kusho ukuthi kuwo wonke amathani ayi-100 e-mash acutshungulwayo, umshini wokugaya ubuyisele cishe amathani ayi-5 engeziwe ama-pellets angathengiswa esikhundleni sokuwabuyisela ku-conditioner. Ngentengo yokuthengisa evamile yokudla kwe-broiler kanye nomthamo wonyaka wokukhiqiza ongaba amathani ayi-60,000 kokudla kwe-broiler, lokhu kuthuthukiswa kube negalelo elikhulu emalini yokusebenza komshini wokugaya.
4.1 Umthelela Wekhwalithi Yokuphakelwa Ekusebenzeni Kwezinkukhu Zenkukhu
Ukusebenza kwe-broiler okuhlanganisiwe kwale mboni kubikwe imiphumela elinganisekayo engezansi komfula:
- Isilinganiso sokuguqulwa kokudla (i-FCR) sithuthuke kusuka ku-1.72 kuya ku-1.66 emijikelezweni eyisithupha yokukhula, ukwehla okwashiwo yisazi sokudla ngokwengxenye ngenxa yokuncipha kokuqhekeka kwama-pellet kanye nokuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo kokwakheka.
- Ukufana kwezinyoni ekuhlatshweni kwesisindo kukhuphuke, kanye nokwehluka kwesisindo somzimba kwehla kusuka ku-10.5% kuya ku-8.3%, okuhambisana nokudla okudliwayo njalo.
- Ukumosheka kokudla ezindaweni zokondla amapani kuncishiswe ngokubonakalayo; ukubonwa kwendawo kuqophe cishe ukusabalala kokudla okungaphansi ngo-30% uma kuqhathaniswa nesikhathi sangaphambi kokuthuthukiswa.
5. Okushiwo “Ubuchwepheshe Bokwenza Imigodi Evuthiwe” Emsebenzini
Okuhlangenwe nakho kwemboni yaseBelarusian kubonisa ukuthi ukukhiqiza izinsimbi ezinde ezivuthiwe kubukeka kanjani ngokwemigomo yokusebenza, ngale kwemininingwane yobuchwepheshe ephepheni ledatha.
5.1 Ukungaguquguquki Kuzo Zonke Izinhlobo Zokufa
Lapho umshini wokugaya u-oda i-ring die yawo yokuqala yokufaka esikhundleni ngo-Agasti 2025, ithimba lokulawula ikhwalithi laqhathanisa i-die entsha ne-die yokuqala yokuqalisa besebenzisa ukwakheka okufanayo kokuqala kwe-broiler kanye nezilungiselelo zomshini. Umehluko we-PDI phakathi kwe-dies ezimbili wawungamaphesenti angu-0.3 - ngaphakathi kokungaqiniseki kokulinganisa - okuqinisekisa ukuthi inqubo yokukhiqiza kaHongyang yayingaphindeka esikalini sokukhiqiza.
5.2 Amaphethini Okugqoka Abikezelwayo
Idayi yokuqala yokuqalisa, ngemva kwamahora okusebenza angaphezu kuka-950, ibonise ukuguguleka okufanayo kuzo zonke izimbobo, kanye nokwanda kobubanzi obukhulu obulinganiswa ku-0.12 mm ebhendini eliphakathi kanye no-0.09 mm emaphethelweni. Lokhu kufana - umphumela oqondile wokuqina kwezinto ezihambisanayo okutholakala ngokucisha i-vacuum - kwasho ukuthi idayisi ingasetshenziswa emkhankasweni wokukhiqiza ogcwele kunokuba ishintshwe ngaphambi kwesikhathi ngenxa yokuguguleka kwendawo.
5.3 Imibhalo Ongayethemba
Ngodayi ngamunye olethwayo, uHongyang unikeze:
- Isitifiketi sezinto ezibonakalayo esivela emshinini wensimbi esiqinisekisa ibanga le-X46Cr13 kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali.
- Imephu yokusatshalaliswa kobulukhuni ekhombisa izilinganiso zobulukhuni beRockwell (HRC) ngamaphuzu ayi-12 ngaphesheya kobuso bedayi. Ukuhlolwa kokuqinisekiswa kwefektri ngokwayo kuqinisekisile ukufundwa ngaphakathi kwe-±1 HRC yamanani abikiwe ngumhlinzeki.
- Imibiko yokuhlola yobukhulu bobubanzi bembobo, iphimbo, kanye ne-geometry yebhobo eliphikisayo.
Leli phakethe lemibhalo lalingeyona nje into ehlelekile. Lavumela ithimba lokuqinisekisa ikhwalithi lemboni ukuthi libonise ukuthobela imithethonqubo yobuchwepheshe ye-EAEU ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa okuhleliwe yiKomidi Lesifundazwe laseBelarusian Lokumisa Izindinganiso ngoJuni 2025.
6. Umbono Womhlinzeki: Indlela KaHongyang Yokubhekana Nezimakethe ze-EAEU
Kusukela ohlangothini lomhlinzeki, ukuzibandakanya kweHongyang Feed Machinery nemakethe yaseBelarus kubonisa indlela ebanzi yokukhonza amakhasimende e-EAEU. Le nkampani, eyasungulwa ngo-2006 eLiyang, eSifundazweni saseJiangsu — isikhungo esaziwayo saseShayina sokukhiqiza imishini yokudla — ithumele imishini emazweni angaphezu kwe-15, okuhlanganisa iRussia, iVietnam, iPhilippines, i-Indonesia, iPakistan, iGibhithe kanye neSenegal.
Ngokuqondene nezimakethe ze-EAEU, i-Hongyang ithuthukise:
- Iphakheji yemibhalo yobuchwepheshe ehambisana ne-TR CU 010/2011 (ukuphepha kwemishini) kanye ne-TR CU 004/2011 (ukuphepha kwemishini ene-voltage ephansi).
- Ulwazi ngokusekelwa kwesitifiketi se-GOST-B, okuhlanganisa izimemezelo ze-EAC ezisalungiswa kanye namapasipoti obuchwepheshe ngesiRashiya noma ngesiNgisi.
- Amandla okuthuthwa kwezimpahla zesitimela i-China-Europe Railway Express, kanye nemishini elungiselelwe amazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nezimo zokuphatha zokuhamba ngesitimela esinqamula izwekazi.
- Imodeli yangemva kokuthengisa ehlanganisa ukuthunyelwa konjiniyela endaweni (ngokuvamile zingakapheli izinsuku ezingu-15 zokusebenza zezindawo ze-EAEU) nokusekelwa okukude ngevidiyo kanye nemiyalezo esheshayo.
Kumshini wokugaya waseBelarus, lokhu kusho ukuthi lapho kuvela inkinga encane yokuguquguquka komfutho womusi ngenyanga yesithathu yokusebenza, ithimba lobuchwepheshe laseHongyang lathola imbangela eyinhloko - ugibe lokuncibilika phansi komsinga owawungaphansi kosayizi wekhanda lomshini wokugaya - kungakapheli ihora elilodwa ngemuva kokuthola umlayezo we-WhatsApp womshini wokugaya kanye nelogi yokucindezela komusi.
7. Isiphetho
Okuhlangenwe nakho kokuthengwa kwemishini yokuphakela izinkukhu yaseBelarusian kubonisa ukuthi ubuchwepheshe bokwenza imigodi yokufa ngendandatho akuyona imininingwane yokukhiqiza engabonakali — yiyona nto ebaluleke kakhulu enquma ikhwalithi yama-pellet, ukusebenza kahle kwamandla, kanye nempilo yenkonzo yokufa ekukhiqizweni kokudla kwezentengiselwano.
Izici ezintathu zibe negalelo empumelelweni:
- Inqubo yokuhlola umhlinzeki eqinile ngobuchwepheshe ebeka phambili ikhwalithi yokukhiqiza elinganisekayo - ukuqeda ubuso bembobo, ukufana kobulukhuni, kanye nemibhalo - kunezimangalo zokumaketha.
- Umhlinzeki, i-Hongyang Feed Machinery, otshalomali lwakhe ekubholeni imigodi ejulile ye-CNC, ukwelashwa kokushisa nge-vacuum, kanye nomklamo wedayi oqondene nohlelo lokusebenza oluhunyushwe waba yikhwalithi ehambisanayo, ephindaphindwayo esikalini sokukhiqiza.
- Inqubo yokuqalisa eyayiphatha imishini njengohlelo oluhlanganisiwe lokufaka ama-pellet esikhundleni seqoqo lemishini ngayinye, enesikhathi sokugcina i-conditioner kanye nemininingwane yodayi ehambisana nephrofayili ethile yezinto zokusetshenziswa zomshini.
Kumafektri okuphakelayo eBelarus kanye nesifunda esibanzi se-EAEU, isifundo sicacile: uma uhlola umshini wokugaya i-ring die pellet, cela ukubona imigodi. Buza ukuthi ibholwe kanjani, ikhwalithi yayo iqinisekiswa kanjani, nokuthi umhlinzeki angaletha yini ikhwalithi efanayo kudizi yeshumi njengasekuqaleni. Izimpendulo zizokutshela okwengeziwe ngekhwalithi ye-pellet kunanoma iyiphi incwajana.
Izinkomba
1. IKomidi Likazwelonke Lezibalo leRiphabhulikhi yaseBelarus. “Inani lemfuyo, izinkukhu kanye nokufuywa kwezilwane ezifuywayo emapulazini azo zonke izinhlobo ngo-2025.” Belstat, 2026.
2. UMnyango Wezolimo Nokudla weRiphabhulikhi yaseBelarus. Isibikezelo sokukhiqizwa kwemfuyo sika-2024. Kubikwe yi-BELTA, ngoFebhuwari 2024.
3. UMongameli weRiphabhulikhi yaseBelarus. Ingqungquthela kazwelonke yokuthuthukiswa kwemboni yenkukhu, eSoligorsk, ngo-Okthoba 2024. Kubikwe yiBelTA.
4. Imithetho Yobuchwepheshe ye-EAEU: TR CU 010/2011 (ukuphepha kwemishini), TR CU 004/2011 (ukuphepha kwemishini ene-voltage ephansi).
5. I-Liyang Hongyang Feed Machinery Co., Ltd. Imibhalo yobuchwepheshe bomkhiqizo kanye nemininingwane yokulawula ikhwalithi ye-ring die.
6. U-Amerah, AM, nabanye. “Usayizi wezinhlayiya zokudla: Imiphumela ekugayweni nasekusebenzeni kwezinkukhu.” I-World's Poultry Science Journal, 63(3), 2007.
7. Thomas, M., et al. “Ikhwalithi engokwenyama yokudla kwezilwane okufakwe i-pellet.” Isayensi Nobuchwepheshe Bokudla Kwezilwane, 70(3), 1998.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-27-2026
