Isifinyezo esiphezulu
IMexico ingumkhiqizi wamaqanda wesithupha ngobukhulu emhlabeni, ikhiqiza amathani amaqanda ayizigidi ezingu-3.27 ngo-2024, futhi iphethe irekhodi lomhlaba wonke lokusetshenziswa kwamaqanda ngomuntu ngamunye ngamaqanda angu-392 ngomuntu ngamunye ngonyaka. Ngemuva kwalezi zinombolo kumi imboni yokudla ekhiqiza amathani ayizigidi ezingu-7.7 okuphakelwa kwezingqimba minyaka yonke - ingxenye yesibili ngobukhulu yokuphakelwa kokudla okuphelele kwaseMexico okungamathani ayizigidi ezingu-41. Ekusebenzeni kwezingqimba, ukungaguquguquki kokudla akuyona into ongayikhetha: ikhwalithi ye-pellet eguquguqukayo ithinta ngqo ukufana kosayizi weqanda, amandla egobolondo, kanye nokukhiqiza kwenkukhu.
Lolu cwaningo luhlola umshini wokondla amaqanda othengiswayo eJalisco, isifundazwe esikhulu kunazo zonke eMexico esikhiqiza amaqanda, owathatha indawo yomshini wokondla amaqanda okuguga nge-Hongyang ring dies ekuqaleni kuka-2025. Ezinyangeni ezingaphezu kwe-12, umshini wokondla amaqanda ugcine ama-metric tons angu-8 ngehora nge-pellet durability index (PDI) njalo ngaphezu kuka-94%, wanciphisa isikhathi sokungasebenzi cishe ngo-30%, futhi wabika ukusimama kosayizi wamaqanda okuthuthukisiwe ngokulinganisa okuvela kumakhasimende awo omshini wokondla amaqanda ahlanganisiwe.
1. Imboni Yamaqanda YaseMexico: Ubukhulu Nokubaluleka
Umkhakha wezinkukhu waseMexico uyinsika yokuvikeleka kokudla kuzwelonke. Izinkukhu ezizalela amaqanda eziyizigidi ezingu-173 kuleli lizwe - umhlambi omkhulu kunayo yonke eLatin America - zikhiqiza amaqanda adliwa ngesilinganiso esiphezulu kakhulu ngomuntu ngamunye emhlabeni. Ngokusho kwe-Mexican Poultry Producers Association (UNA), umMexico ojwayelekile udla amaqanda angu-392 ngonyaka, ngaphambi kakhulu kweColombia esendaweni yesibili ngamaqanda angu-291.
Le mboni igxile kokubili ezikhulwini ezinkulu ezihlanganiswe ngokuqondile kanye nezimboni zezentengiselwano ezizimele. I-PROAN, enezingqimba eziyizigidi ezingu-34, iyinkampani yesibili ngobukhulu emhlabeni yamaqanda. I-Bachoco, umholi wezinkukhu ezihlukahlukene, isebenzisa izingqimba eziyizigidi ezingu-12.2 kanye nebhizinisi layo elikhulu lokufuya izinkukhu. I-Empresas Guadalupe, i-El Calvario, kanye ne-Gena Agropecuaria ngayinye iphatha izingqimba eziyizigidi ezingu-10 noma ngaphezulu. Ngaphansi kwalezi zinkampani ezinkulu, izimboni zokudla eziningi eziphakathi nendawo zihlinzeka ngamapulazi ezingqimba ezizimele kulo lonke elaseJalisco, eGuanajuato, ePuebla naseNuevo León.
Imboni yokudla yaseMexico ikhiqize ama-metric tons ayizigidi ezingu-41 ngo-2024, ibekwe endaweni yesihlanu emhlabeni wonke ngemuva kweChina, i-United States, iBrazil, ne-India, ngokusho kweMexican Feed Council (iConfab). Ukudla kwe-layer kuhlanganisa ama-metric tons ayizigidi ezingu-7.7 — cishe ingxenye eyodwa kwezinhlanu yazo zonke ukudla okwenziwe ezweni. I-Confab ihlela ukukhula ngo-2.8% ekukhiqizweni kokudla kwe-layer ngo-2025, ifinyelele cishe ama-metric tons ayizigidi ezingu-7.9, okuqhutshwa ukufunwa kwasekhaya okuqhubekayo kanye namathuba okuthumela kwamanye amazwe.
IMexico ingenisa cishe u-74% wezinhlamvu zayo zokudla, ikakhulukazi ummbila ovela e-United States, okwenza kube yizwe elikhulu kakhulu elingenisa ummbila kwamanye amazwe labathengisi baseMelika. Njengoba izinto ezifakwayo ezingeniswa kwamanye amazwe zibangela ukwanda kwezindleko zezinto zokusetshenziswa, ukusebenza kahle kwemishini yokudla sekuyinto ebalulekile ekuncintisaneni.
2. Ikhasimende: Umshini Wokuphekela Wezingqimba zeJalisco
Imishini yokugaya kulesi sifundo iyindawo yokuhweba etholakala esifundeni saseLos Altos eJalisco, indawo eyinhloko yokukhiqiza amaqanda eMexico. Ikhiqiza cishe amathani angu-2,500 okuphakelwa kwezingqimba ngenyanga, ikhonza inethiwekhi yamapulazi amaqanda azimele ngaphakathi kwerediyasi engamakhilomitha ayi-100. Imishini yokugaya isebenzisa imigqa emibili yokugaya ama-pellet - eyodwa enikezelwe ekudleni kwezingqimba zesigaba-1 (i-calcium ephezulu, ukuthungwa okuqinile) kanye nenye yokudla kwesigaba-2 kanye nesigaba-3.
Ngaphambi kokufakwa kweHongyang ekuqaleni kuka-2025, umshini wawusebenza ngama-ring dies avela kumhlinzeki waseYurophu emgqeni wawo oyinhloko wokukhiqiza, umshini wokugaya ama-pellet onesilinganiso sama-t/h angu-8. Umphathi wokulungisa umshini wabika izinkinga ezimbili eziqhubekayo. Okokuqala, isikhathi sokuphila kwama-die sasifinyele cishe emahoreni okusebenza angu-2,500 - cishe izinyanga eziyisithupha ngomthamo wokukhiqiza wemishini - ngaphambi kokuba i-PDI yehle ngaphansi kuka-88%. Okwesibili, umthamo wokukhiqiza wawushintshashintsha phakathi kuka-6.5 no-7.8 t/h kuye ngokuguguleka kwemishini, okuphazamisa ukuhlela ukukhiqiza nokuphoqelela ukushintsha kwesikhathi esengeziwe ngesikhathi sezikhathi zesidingo esikhulu.
Kumshini wokugaya ukudla osebenzisa ungqimba, i-PDI ibaluleke ngendlela ehlukile kunemisebenzi yokukhiqiza izinkukhu. Izinkukhu ezisebenzisa ungqimba zidla ukudla emijikelezweni yokukhiqiza ende - ngokuvamile amasonto angu-52 kuya kwangu-80 - futhi ikhwalithi embi yama-pellet iholela ezinhlawulweni eziningi izinkukhu ezizigwema ngokukhetha. Lokhu kuholela ekungalinganini kwezakhamzimba, ukwehla kobukhulu beqanda, kanye nemali engenayo ephansi ngenkukhu ngayinye egcinwe kuyo. Ucwaningo lubonisa njalo ukuthi i-PDI engaphansi kuka-85% ihlobene nokwehla okulinganiselwe ekukhiqizweni kwenkukhu kanye nokuqina kwesisindo seqanda (Abadi et al., 2019; Abdollahi et al., 2013).
3. Indlela kaHongyang: Ubunjiniyela Bokufelwa Kwendandatho Eqondile
Ithimba lokuthengwa kwemishini yokukhiqiza lihlole ama-ring dies avela kubakhiqizi abathathu ngaphambi kokukhetha i-Hongyang. Izindlela zokuhlola zaziyi: ubude besikhathi sokuphila ngaphansi kwezimo zokudla ezine-calcium ephezulu, ezi-abrasive layer; ukuzinza kokuphuma kwayo kuyo yonke impilo yesevisi ye-dise; kanye nekhono lokusekela lobuchwepheshe lomhlinzeki lokwenza ngcono isilinganiso sokucindezela.
UHongyang uphakamise idayisi lendandatho elenziwe ngokwezifiso ngezincazelo ezilandelayo:
Kufaniswe nomodeli we-pellet mill okhona
Yenzelwe ukudla kwesigaba sokuqala okune-calcium engu-3.8–4.2% kanye ne-protein eluhlaza engu-15–16%.
Umklamo wokusiza ngezinyathelo eziningi ukunciphisa ukusetshenziswa kokushisa nokungqubuzana kwamandla
Insimbi ye-alloy ephezulu ene-chromium enokuqina kwe-vacuum kuya ku-Rockwell hardness 58–62 HRC
Kupholishwe ngesibuko kuya ku-Ra ≤ 0.4 μm
Ukukhethwa kwesilinganiso sokucindezela kwakubaluleke kakhulu. Ukudla okunezingqimba kuqukethe i-calcium ephezulu (ngokuvamile engu-3.5–4.5%) evela ekufakweni kwe-limestone ne-oyster shell, okubangela ukurhawuzelela ngokwemvelo futhi kusheshisa ukuwohloka kokufa. Isilinganiso sokucindezela esiphansi kakhulu sikhiqiza ama-pellets abuthakathaka; aphezulu kakhulu akhiqiza ukushisa okukhulu kokungqubuzana, okonakalisa amavithamini azwela ukushisa kanye nama-amino acid. Ithimba lobuchwepheshe likaHongyang lisebenzisane nochwepheshe wezokudla ukuze babonise isilinganiso se-L/D esifanele ngokusekelwe kokuqukethwe kwamafutha okwakheka okuthile, izinga le-fiber, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kosayizi wezinhlayiya.
Ama-die akhiqizwa esikhungweni saseHongyang eLiyang, eJiangsu, kusetshenziswa imishini yokubhoboza izibhamu ye-CNC kanye nemigqa yokwelapha ukushisa nge-vacuum. I-die ngayinye yahlolwa nge-PDI kumshini wokuhlola we-pellet osebenzisa ukudla okunezingqimba ezimele ngaphambi kokuthunyelwa.
4. Imiphumela: Idatha Yokusebenza Yezinyanga Eziyi-12
Ama-die ase-Hongyang ring afakwa ngoFebhuwari 2025. Imboni yalandela izilinganiso zokusebenza ezibalulekile ezinyangeni eziyi-12 ezalandela futhi yaziqhathanisa nesikhathi sezinyanga eziyi-12 ezedlule nama-die ase-Europe.
| I-Metric | I-Pre-Hongyang (2024) | I-Post-Hongyang (2025) | Ushintsho |
|---|---|---|---|
| Isilinganiso sokudlula | 7.1 t/h | 8.0 t/h | +12.7% |
| Ukuzinza kokuphuma (ububanzi) | 6.5–7.8 t/h | 7.8–8.2 t/h | Ukuphambuka kuhlukaniswe phakathi |
| I-PDI (isilinganiso sanyanga zonke) | 89.2% | 94.6% | +5.4 amaphesenti |
| Impilo yesevisi yokufa | ~amahora angu-2,500 | Amahora angu->3,200 (okuqhubekayo) | +28% ubuncane |
| Isikhathi sokuphumula esingahleliwe | ~Amahora angu-18/ngenyanga | ~amahora ayi-12/ngenyanga | -33% |
| Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla (kWh/t) | 16.8 | 15.1 | -10.1% |
Inzuzo ebaluleke kakhulu yokusebenza kwaba ukuzinza kokuphuma kwamandla. Ngezinhlayiya zangaphambilini, amandla okukhiqiza ehla ngokuphawulekayo ngemva kwamahora okusebenza angaba ngu-1,200 njengoba ukuguguleka kwemigodi kwanda, okunciphisa ukusebenza kahle kokucindezela. Izinhlayiya zaseHongyang zigcine i-geometry yemigodi ehambisanayo isikhathi eside kakhulu ngemva kwamahora angu-3,000, okuvumela umshini wokugaya ukuthi usebenze ukuhlela okukodwa ngokwethembeka - ukuqeda isidingo sesikhathi esengeziwe nokunciphisa izindleko zabasebenzi.
Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla kwehle cishe ngo-10%, okubangelwa ukwakheka kwembobo yokukhulula enezinyathelo eziningi okunciphisa ukumelana kokungqubuzana ngesikhathi sokwakheka kwama-pellet. Ngamazinga kagesi ezimboni aseMexico — phakathi kwamazinga aphezulu kakhulu eLatin America — lokhu kuhunyushwe ekongeni okulinganiselwe kwanyanga zonke.
Ilabhorethri yokulawula ikhwalithi yesitsha ibike ukuthi i-PDI ithole isilinganiso esingu-94.6% kumasampula okubanjwa nyanga zonke, uma kuqhathaniswa no-89.2% ngaphambilini. Okuqukethwe kwezinhlawulo esangweni lepulazi kwehle kusuka ku-6.5% kwaya ngaphansi kuka-3%, okuyisilinganiso esibalulekile sokusebenza kwezingqimba lapho izinhlawulo zimelela khona ukulahlekelwa kwezomnotho kanye nomthelela ongaba khona ekusebenzeni komhlambi okungalingani.
5. Impendulo Yamakhasimende kanye Nomthelela Ophansi
Umphathi jikelele wefekthri uqaphele ukuthuthuka okuthathu kwekhwalithi ngale kwezilinganiso zenani:
Izikhalazo zamakhasimende mayelana nekhwalithi yama-pellet — ikakhulukazi ukubola kokudla ezinhlelweni zokudla ezizenzakalelayo — zehle kakhulu. Lo mshini ukhonza amapulazi esebenzisa ama-chain feeder kanye nama-pan feeder, womabili afaka ama-pellets ekucindezelekeni komshini. I-PDI ephezulu isho izinhlawulo ezimbalwa eziqongelela emigqonyeni yokudla, okunciphisa imfucuza kanye nomsebenzi wokuhlanza wabalimi.
Amakhasimende amaningana ahlanganisiwe abike ukufana kwesisindo samaqanda, abakusho ngenxa yokudla okuhlala njalo. Nakuba umshini wokugaya ungalawuli izinto eziguquguqukayo ezingeni lepulazi njengezindlu, umoya, noma ukuphathwa kwezempilo, ubudlelwano phakathi kwekhwalithi ye-pellet ezinzile kanye nokusebenza komhlambi ozinzile kubhalwe kahle ezincwadini zesayensi yenkukhu.
Ithimba lokulungisa imishini liqaphele ukwehla kwemvamisa yokushintsha kwemishini. Ukushintsha kwemishini ngayinye kudinga amahora angu-4-6 okungasebenzi kokukhiqiza ukuze kuhlukaniswe, kuhlanzwe, futhi kulinganiswe kabusha. Ukwandisa impilo yemishini okungenani ngo-28% kwasho ukuphazamiseka okuncane kanye nokuhlela ukulungiswa okubikezelwayo.
6. Umongo Wemboni: Kungani Ukukhiqizwa Kokudla Okuzinzile Kubalulekile
Embonini yokuncintisana yaseMexico, ukudla kumelela cishe u-60–70% wezindleko zokukhiqiza amaqanda. Njengoba okusanhlamvu okungeniswa kwamanye amazwe kubalwa izingxenye ezintathu kwezine zezinto zokusetshenziswa futhi kuncike ekushintsheni kwesilinganiso sokushintshana, izigayo azikwazi ukukhokhela ukungasebenzi kahle kokukhiqiza okuchitha izinto zokusetshenziswa noma okuphazamisa ikhwalithi yomkhiqizo.
Izimboni zokudla zaseMexico ezingu-623 — ezingu-230 ezihlanganisiwe kanye nezingu-393 zezentengiselwano — zisebenza cishe ku-86% womthamo wazo ohlangene wamathani angu-47.4 million, ngokusho kwedatha yeConfab. Umkhawulo phakathi kokusebenza okunenzuzo nokulahlekelwa uvame ukunqunywa ukuthembeka kwemishini kanye nokungaguquguquki kwenqubo.
Kumafektri ezentengiselwano ahlinzeka ngamapulazi azimele anezingqimba, ikhwalithi yama-pellet iyisici esihlukanisa ngqo ukuncintisana. Abalimi abathola ama-pellet ahlala isikhathi eside futhi aqinile bahlangabezana nokuvinjelwa okuncane kwesistimu yokondla, ukuchithwa kokudla okuphansi, kanye nokukhishwa kwamaqanda okufanayo - konke okuqinisa ukugcinwa kwamakhasimende efektri.
7. Isiphetho
Lolu cwaningo lwezinyanga eziyi-12 lubonisa ukuthi indandatho eklanywe ngokunemba iyafa - ngezilinganiso zokucindezela ezilungiselelwe, i-metallurgy ethuthukisiwe, kanye ne-geometry yemigodi eminingi - iletha ukuthuthuka okulinganiselwe ekuzinzeni kokuphuma komkhiqizo, ukuqina kwe-pellet, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwamandla ekukhiqizweni kokudla kwezingqimba.
Ku-Hongyang, ukufakwa kwe-Jalisco kuqinisekisa indlela yenkampani yobunjiniyela bedayi obuqondene namakhasimende. Esikhundleni sokunikeza amadayi endandatho anosayizi owodwa afanelana nawo wonke, inqubo ka-Hongyang yokukhetha isilinganiso sokucindezela esifanelana nokwakheka kanye nokwenza ngcono ukwakheka kwedayi ibhekana nezinselele ezithile zohlobo ngalunye lokuphakelwa - kulokhu, uhlobo olune-calcium ephezulu, oluhlukumezayo lokudla okunezingqimba.
Kusukela lapho, umshini wokugaya usebekele ama-oda ama-ring dies omugqa wawo wesibili wokukhiqiza futhi uhlola iminikelo ye-roller shell yaseHongyang ukuze uthuthukise ukusebenza kwendawo yokucindezela ye-pellet mill.
Imithombo Nezinkomba
- Inhlangano Yokudla Nezolimo (i-FAO). Ukukhiqizwa Kwamaqanda Okuphelele — iMexico, 2024. I-Helgi Library / i-FAOSTAT.
- I-Consejo Nacional de Fabricantes de Alimentos Balanceados (Conafab). I-Mexican Feed Industry Compendium, 2024–2025. Kubikwe nge-Feed Strategy.
- I-Unión Nacional de Avicultores (UNA). I-Mexican Poultry Producers Association — I-Layer Population kanye ne-Per Capita Consumption Data.
- I-Watt Global Media / Industria Avicola. Izinkampani Ezihamba Phambili Zamaqanda eMexico, Izilinganiso Zango-2019-2020.
- U-Abadi et al. (2019). Ukuqina kwama-pellet kanye nokusebenza kahle kwe-broiler: Ukuhlaziywa kwe-meta.Isayensi Yezinkukhu.
- U-Abdollahi et al. (2013). Ukuhluzwa kokudla kwenkukhu: Ukubuka konke okugcizelela ikhwalithi yenkukhu kanye nenani lokudla okunomsoco.Isayensi Nobuchwepheshe Bokudla Kwezilwane.
- U-Amerah et al. (2007). Usayizi wezinhlayiya zokudla: Imiphumela ekugayweni nasekusebenzeni kwezinkukhu.Ijenali Yesayensi Yezinkukhu Yomhlaba.
- UCutlip et al. (2008). Umphumela wekhwalithi ye-diet pellet ekusebenzeni kahle kwenkukhu.Ijenali Yocwaningo Lwezinkukhu Ezisetshenziswayo.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-30-2026
