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Isifinyezo esiphezulu
Emakethe yokudla kwezinkukhu yasePoland encintisanayo, lapho izilinganiso zokuguqulwa kokudla (i-FCR) zithinta ngqo inzuzo, omunye umkhiqizi wokudla ophakathi nendawo eduze kwasePoznań uthole isithiyo esingalindelekile: imishini yokugaya ama-pellet ejwayelekile yayikhiqiza ukushisa okukhulu ngesikhathi sokucindezela, inciphisa amavithamini nama-enzyme azwela ukushisa ekwakhiweni kwawo kwe-broiler yekhwalithi ephezulu. Ngemva kokulinganisa abahlinzeki bemishini eminingi, umshini wokugaya wakhetha umshini wokugaya ama-pellet we-ring die waseHongyang SZLH350, owaletha ukwehla okulinganiselwe okungu-12-15°C ekushiseni kokuphuma kwe-die uma kuqhathaniswa nomshini wabo wangaphambilini waseYurophu. Lo mehluko wokushisa uhunyushwe emazingeni okugcina amavithamini athuthukisiwe, izinkomba zokuqina kwe-pellet ezingcono (i-PDI), kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwe-FCR yamaphuzu angu-0.05 okuqoshiwe ezivivinyweni ezilandelayo ze-broiler. Lolu cwaningo luhlola izici zobunjiniyela ngemuva kokugaya ama-pellet okushisa okuphansi, lubala izinzuzo zokudla okunempilo nokusebenza ezitholwe, futhi lubonisa ukuthi ukukhiqizwa okunembile kubuchwepheshe be-ring die kungadala kanjani inani elibonakalayo ekukhiqizweni kokudla kwesimanje.
Umongo Wemboni Yokuphakelwa KwasePoland
IPoland iphakathi kwabakhiqizi abahlanu abaphezulu be-European Union bokudla okuhlanganisiwe, lapho ukudla kwezinkukhu kubalwa cishe amathani ayizigidi ezingu-7.44 ngo-2025 - ukwanda okungu-2.3% unyaka nonyaka. Lokhu kukhula kubonisa kokubili ukwanda kokusetshenziswa kwasekhaya kanye nendima yePoland njengomthengisi wemikhiqizo yezinkukhu emakethe angomakhelwane. Kodwa-ke, ukuncintisana okwandayo kanye nokwenyuka kwezindleko zezinto zokusetshenziswa kuye kwacindezela imingcele, okwenza izigayo zifune izinzuzo zokusebenza kahle ngale kokunciphisa izindleko okulula. Ukunemba kokudla okunempilo - okuletha iphrofayili yezakhamzimba echazwe ekwakhiweni - kuvele njengento ehlukanisayo ebalulekile, ikakhulukazi kubahlanganisi abahlinzeka ngemisebenzi emikhulu yokukhiqiza izinkukhu lapho ukuthuthukiswa kwe-FCR kwamaphuzu angu-0.01 ngisho nakumele inani elikhulu lezomnotho.
Kulesi simo, iklayenti, eliyifektri yokudla ephethwe ngumndeni elisebenza kusukela ngawo-1990, lihlinzeka ngamathani angaba ngu-45,000 minyaka yonke kubakhiqizi bezinkukhu abahlanganisiwe kulo lonke elaseGreater Poland kanye nezindawo zokudoba zaseKuyavian-Pomeranian. Uhla lwemikhiqizo yabo luhlanganisa ukudla kokuqala, okutshalayo, kanye nokuqeda, kugxilwe kakhulu ekudleni kokuqala lapho ukuminyana kwezakhamzimba kanye nokutholakala kwezinto eziphilayo kubalulekile ekukhuleni kwezinkukhu kusenesikhathi.
Inkinga Yokushisa: Ukulahlekelwa Okungabonakali Kwezakhamzimba
Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa kwekhwalithi okuvamile, isazi sokudla esisebenza kule ndawo saphawula ukungahambisani phakathi kokuhlaziywa kwelabhorethri kwama-pellet aqediwe kanye namanani ezakhamzimba ezibalwe kusukela ekwakhiweni. Ngokukhethekile, ukuhlolwa kwe-vitamin A, i-vitamin E, kanye namavithamini athile e-B complex (i-thiamine, i-riboflavin) kwabonisa njalo amazinga aphansi ngo-8-12% kunalokho obekulindelekile. Ngenkathi ukusola kokuqala kuwela ekushintsheni kwezinto zokusetshenziswa, izivivinyo ezilawulwayo ezinamaqoqo afanayo ezithako zembule ukuthi ukushoda kwenzeka njalo ngemva kokufakwa kwama-pellet, hhayi ngesikhathi sokuxuba noma sokugcina.
Ucwaningo olwengeziwe lukhombe isigaba sokuphuma kwama-pellet njengembangela. Kusetshenziswa i-infrared thermography kanye nama-thermocouple ahlanganisiwe, ithimba lobuchwepheshe lilinganise amazinga okushisa okuphuma kwama-die asukela ku-88–94°C kumshini wabo we-pellet okhona ongu-200 kW (umshini wophawu lwaseYurophu owafakwa ngo-2018). Ukubuyekezwa kwezincwadi kuqinisekisile ukuthi ukuvezwa okuqhubekayo ngaphezu kuka-85°C kuqala ukonakalisa amavithamini okushisa, kanti amazinga okuwohloka ashesha kakhulu ngaphezu kuka-90°C. Ekwakhiweni okuqukethe i-12,000 IU/kg vitamin A kanye ne-80 mg/kg vitamin E, ukulahlekelwa okulinganiselwe ngesikhathi sokuphuma kwama-pellet kufinyelele ku-9–14% - okuhambisana ngqo nokungafani okubonakalayo kokuhlaziya.
Umthelela wezomnotho wawungelula: ukuze kulungiswe lokhu kulahlekelwa, umshini wokugaya ukudla wawulokhu uqinisa kakhulu indawo yamavithamini ngo-10-15%, wengeza cishe u-€1.2-1.8 ngethani ukuze kudliwe ngaphandle kwenzuzo yokudla ehambisanayo. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukulethwa kwamavithamini okungaguquguquki kwabeka engcupheni ukusebenza kahle kwezinkukhu zenkukhu, okungase kuqede ukwethenjwa kwamakhasimende emakethe ezwela idumela.
Ukuhlaziywa Kobunjiniyela: Kungani Ama-Pellet Mills Eshisa Kakhulu?
Ukukhiqiza izinga lokushisa le-pellet mill kubangelwa yizici ezintathu eziyinhloko:
1. Ukushisa okungqubuzanayo phakathi kokudla kanye nezindonga zemigodi ngesikhathi sokucindezela
2. Ukushisa kwe-Adiabatic okuvela ekucindezelweni okusheshayo komoya obanjwe ku-meal matrix
3. Izinga lokushisa lomusi ngaphambi kokupholisa
Nakuba ukulungiswa komusi kuyadingeka ukuze kufakwe i-starch gelatinization (ngokuvamile 80–85°C), ukushisa ngokweqile okubangelwa ukungqubuzana kubonisa ukusebenzisana okungekuhle kokudla okufayo. Emshinini weklayenti okhona, idayisi ibonise izici ezimbili ezivamile kumayunithi akhiqizwa ngobuningi:
- I-geometry yembobo engaguquki: Ukulinganiswa kwe-Microscopic kwembule ukuhlukahluka kobubanzi bembobo okufika ku-±0.08 mm kanye nobukhulu bomphezulu (Ra) obudlula u-1.6 µm. Izindawo ezimagebhugebhu zandisa ama-coefficient okungqubuzana, okuguqula amandla emishini abe ukushisa.
- Isilinganiso sokucindezela esingaphansi kwesilinganiso: Isilinganiso se-L/D sedayi sika-10.5:1 sasifanelekela izilinganiso ezijwayelekile ze-broiler, kodwa iphrofayili yayo yangaphakathi ye-taper yadala ukusatshalaliswa kwengcindezi okungalingani, okwabangela ukushisa ngokweqile endaweni ethile emikhakheni ethile yedayi.
Lokhu kubekezelelana kokukhiqiza, ngenkathi kungaphakathi kwemininingwane yomkhiqizi wemishini yokuqala (i-OEM), kwaphakamisa ukushisa okukhuphukile ngokuphindaphindiwe ngaphezu kwezinga elidingekayo ukuze kukhiqizwe ama-pellet ngempumelelo.
Isixazululo seHongyang: Ubuchwepheshe Bokudiza Indandatho Obunobunjiniyela Obunembile
Ngemva kokuhlola iziphakamiso ezivela kubahlinzeki abathathu baseYurophu kanye nababili base-Asia, iklayenti likhethe umshini wokugaya i-ring die pellet waseHongyang SZLH350 ngokusekelwe ekusebenzeni kwawo kwezinga lokushisa okubhaliwe ezicelweni ezifanayo. Izinto eziyinhloko ezihlukanisayo kwakuyilezi:
1. Ukunemba Kwensimbi Nokukhiqiza
Ama-ring dies kaHongyang enziwe ngensimbi ye-42CrMo4 ekhishwe igesi, ashiswa ngokushisa abe yi-54–56 HRC ukuze amelane nokuguguleka kahle ngaphandle kokuqina ngokweqile okukhuthaza ukungqubuzana. I-die ngayinye idlula ekuqinisekisweni komshini wokulinganisa oqondile (CMM) wazo zonke izilinganiso ezibalulekile:
- Ukubekezelela ububanzi bembobo: ±0.02 mm (uma kuqhathaniswa nezinga lomkhakha ±0.05 mm)
- Ukuphela kobuso (Ra): ≤0.8 µm (kupholishwe ngomshini we-electrochemical)
- Ukugxila kwembobo: ≤0.03 mm inani eliphelele lokugijima kwesibonakaliso
Lokhu kunemba kuqinisekisa ukugeleza kwezinto ezifanayo kuyo yonke imbobo yokudaya, kunciphisa imiphetho eguquguqukayo kanye nokuphakama kwengcindezi yendawo okudala ukushisa okweqile.
2. Iphrofayili Yokucindezela Elungiselelwe
Onjiniyela baseHongyang baklame iphrofayili yokucindezela enezigaba eziningi eqondene nokusetshenziswa kokudla kwezinkukhu. Esikhundleni sembobo elula eqondile, imbobo ngayinye yokudaya ihlanganisa:
- I-chamfer yokungena engu-30° ukuze iqondise ukudla ngobumnene endaweni yokucindezelwa
- Isigaba esinciphayo (L/D 2:1) lapho ingcindezi ikhula khona kancane kancane
- Ingxenye yomhlaba ehambisanayo (L/D 8.5:1) lapho kwenzeka khona ukuminyana kokugcina
- Ukukhululeka okuncane kokuphuma (0.5°) ukuze kuncishiswe ukungqubuzana kokukhipha
Le phrofayili inciphisa amandla okusika aphezulu cishe ngo-18% uma kuqhathaniswa nemiklamo evamile ye-straightbore, njengoba kuqinisekiswe yi-finite element analysis simulations enikezwe ngesikhathi sokubuyekezwa kobuchwepheshe.
3. Ukuqapha Izinga Lokushisa Elihlanganisiwe
I-SZLH350 ifaka phakathi i-array yenzwa yokushisa ye-infrared ebekwe ku-150 mm ukusuka ebusweni be-die, enikeza imephu yokushisa yesikhathi sangempela kuzo zonke izigaba ze-die ezingu-12. Lokhu kuvumela opharetha ukuthi bathole futhi balungise ukungalingani kokushisa - okuvame ukubangelwa ukuguguleka kwama-roller okungalingani noma ukusatshalaliswa kwe-conditioner - ngaphambi kokuthi kuthinte ikhwalithi ye-pellet.
Ukuqhathaniswa Kwezinga Lokushisa: Imiphumela Elinganisiwe
Umshini omusha we-pellet waseHongyang ufakwe eceleni komugqa okhona, okwenza kube nokuqhathaniswa okuqondile ngaphansi kwezimo zokukhiqiza ezifanayo (ukwakheka okufanayo, okuqukethwe komswakama, izinga lokuphakelayo, kanye nemingcele yomusi).
| Ipharamitha | Isigayo saseYurophu esikhona | I-Hongyang SZLH350 | Umehluko |
|————–|————————–|——————|———|
| Izinga lokushisa lokuphuma (°C) | 88–94 (isilinganiso 91.2) | 76–82 (isilinganiso 79.1) | ‑12.1°C isilinganiso |
| Ukwehluka kwezinga lokushisa phakathi kwedayi | ±4.2°C | ±1.8°C | -57% ukuhluka |
| Ukusetshenziswa kwamandla athile (kWh/t) | 43.7 | 39.2 | ‑10.3% |
| Izinga lokukhiqiza (t/h) | 4.8 | 5.1 | +6.3% |
| Inkomba yokuqina kwe-Pellet (PDI) | 94.5% | 96.8% | +2.3% amaphuzu |
Ukwehla okumaphakathi okungu-12.1°C kubaluleke kakhulu ngoba kubeka inqubo yokukhipha ama-pellet ngaphansi komkhawulo ongu-85°C lapho ukonakala kwamavithamini kushesha khona. Ukufana kwezinga lokushisa kuthuthuke kakhulu, okubonisa ukucindezela okuqhubekayo kulo lonke ubuso be-die.
Umthelela Wokudla Okunempilo: Ukulondoloza Izingxenye Ezibucayi Zokushisa
Ukuze kulinganiswe ukugcinwa kwezakhamzimba, umshini wokugaya wenza amasampula amabili ngaphambi nangemva kokufaka ama-pellet kuzo zombili izindlela, kusetshenziswa amaqoqo afanayo e-vitamin premix. Imiphumela yokuhlaziya (isilinganiso semisebenzi eyisithupha yokukhiqiza):
| Izakhamzimba | Ukugcinwa Kwezinto Eziphilayo E-European Mill | Ukugcinwa Kwezinto Eziphilayo E-Hongyang Mill | Ukuthuthukiswa |
|———-|——————————|———————-|———-|
| I-Vitamin A (i-retinyl acetate) | 86.2% | 95.7% | +9.5% amaphuzu |
| I-Vitamin E (α‑tocopherol) | 87.1% | 96.3% | +9.2% amaphuzu |
| I-Thiamine (B1) | 82.4% | 93.8% | +11.4% amaphuzu |
| I-Riboflavin (B2) | 90.1% | 97.2% | +7.1 amaphesenti amaphuzu |
| Umsebenzi we-enzyme ye-Phytase | 71.5% | 89.6% | +18.1 amaphesenti amaphuzu |
Ukuthuthukiswa kokugcinwa kwe-phytase kuphawuleka kakhulu, njengoba le enzyme yangaphandle ibalulekile ekutholakaleni kwe-phosphorus ekudleni kwezinkukhu. Umsebenzi ophezulu we-post-pellet unciphisa isidingo sokwengeza ngokweqile kwe-enzyme, okwenza ukonga izindleko ngqo.
Ngokusekelwe kulezi zilinganiso zokugcina, umshini wokugaya uphinde wabala indawo yawo yamavithamini futhi wanciphisa ukuqina ngokweqile kusuka ku-12% kuya ku-3%, wazuza ukonga okune-€0.9 ngethani ezindlekweni zamavithamini kuphela. Okubaluleke kakhulu, ukuhambisana kokulethwa kwezakhamzimba kuthuthukile, kanye ne-coefficient of variation (CV) yokuhlolwa kwe-vitamin A kwehla kusuka ku-8.7% kuya ku-3.1% kuwo wonke amaqoqo okukhiqiza.
Izinzuzo Zokusebenza Nezomnotho
Ngale kokuthuthukiswa kokudla okunempilo, inqubo yokushisa okuphansi iveze izinzuzo eziningana zokusebenza:
1. Umthwalo wokupholisa oncishisiwe: Izinga lokushisa eliphansi lokuphuma elingu-12°C lehlise isidingo somoya opholile cishe ngo-15%, kwehlisa ukusetshenziswa kwamandla abalandeli.
2. Isikhathi eside sokuphila kwedayi: Ukuncipha kokungqubuzana kanye nokucindezeleka kokushisa kulindeleke ukuthi kwandise isikhathi sokuphila kwedayi kusukela emahoreni angu-8,000–10,000 kuya emahoreni angu-12,000–14,000 ngokusekelwe ekuhlolweni kokuguguleka okusheshayo.
3. Ukuphazamiseka okuncane kokukhiqiza: Iphrofayili yokushisa efanayo yasusa "ama-hot spots" avamile ayebangela ukuvimba ukufa okungahleliwe, ikakhulukazi ekwakhiweni kwamafutha amaningi.
4. Ukubukeka okuthuthukisiwe kwe-pellet: Ama-pellet abonise izindawo ezibushelelezi nobude obuhambisanayo, okuthuthukisa ikhwalithi yokubuka — into engeyona into encane ekuboneni kwamakhasimende.
Ezivivinyweni zokusebenza kwezinkukhu ezenziwe ngamakhasimende e-integrator yesitsha, ukudla okukhiqizwe emgqeni we-Hongyang kubonise ukuthuthuka kwamaphuzu angu-0.05 ku-FCR (kusuka ku-1.58 kuya ku-1.53) phakathi nesikhathi sokuqala sezinsuku ezingu-1-21. Nakuba izici eziningi zithonya i-FCR, ochwepheshe bezokudla bathi okungenani ingxenye yalokhu kuzuza ibangelwa ukutholakala okungcono kwamavithamini kanye nokulethwa kwezakhamzimba okuqhubekayo.
Impendulo Yamakhasimende Nokubambisana Kwesikhathi Eside
Umphathi wokukhiqiza wefekthri ufingqe ulwazi: “Ekuqaleni sagxila emandleni nasekusebenziseni kahle amandla lapho sihlola imishini emisha. Isici sokushisa sasiyinto engalindelekile kodwa eyigugu kakhulu. Onjiniyela baseHongyang abazange basithengisele umshini nje kuphela - basisize sathola inkinga esasingayiqondi ngokugcwele futhi basinikeza ikhambi elinenzuzo elinganisekayo. Ukusekelwa kobuchwepheshe okuqhubekayo, okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwe-die kwekota kanye nezeluleko zokwenza ngcono izinqubo, kube okumangalisayo.”
Le ndlela yokubambisana ibonakalisa ifilosofi kaHongyang yokuthi ukuhlinzekwa kwemishini kuyisiqalo, hhayi ukuphela, kobambiswano lobuchwepheshe. Ukuvakasha okulandelela njalo kuqinisekisa ukusebenza kahle kuyo yonke impilo yemishini, futhi izincomo eziqhutshwa idatha zisiza amakhasimende ukuba azivumelanise nezinselele zokuqamba ezishintshashintshayo.
Isiphetho: Izinga Lokushisa Njengesilinganiso Sekhwalithi
Lolu cwaningo lwasePoland lubonisa ukuthi izinga lokushisa lokufaka ama-pellets akuyona nje ipharamitha yenqubo okufanele iqashwe - kuyinkomba eqondile yokusebenza kahle kwemishini kanye nobuqotho bokudla okunempilo. Ngokunciphisa ukushisa okungqubuzanayo ngokukhiqizwa kwe-die okunembile, ubuchwepheshe bukaHongyang buletha ukuthuthuka okulinganiselwe ekugcinweni kwamavithamini, ikhwalithi yama-pellets, kanye nomnotho wokusebenza.
Kubakhiqizi bokudla ababhekene nengcindezi yesilinganiso kanye nokulindela kwekhwalithi okwandayo, ukutshala imali emishinini enciphisa ukuwohloka kokushisa kumelela ithuba elihle. Ukwehliswa kwezinga lokushisa elingu-12–15°C okutholakale kulokhu kufakwa kuhumushela ekugcinweni okungcono kwezakhamzimba, izindleko ezincishisiwe ze-premix, kanye nokusebenza kwezilwane okungenzeka kube ngcono - inhlanganisela eqinisa isikhundla sokuncintisana ezimakethe ezidinga kakhulu njengomkhakha wezinkukhu wasePoland.
Njengoba ukwakheka kokudla kuqhubeka nokufaka izithasiselo ezizwela ukushisa kakhulu (ama-enzyme, ama-probiotic, amavithamini akhethekile), ikhono lokugaya emazingeni okushisa aphansi lizokhula ngokubaluleka. Abakhiqizi ababeka phambili leli khono, besekelwa ubunjiniyela obuqinile kanye nokusekelwa okuqhubekayo kwezobuchwepheshe, basesimweni esihle sokusiza amakhasimende abo ukubhekana nezinselele eziguqukayo zokukhiqizwa kokudla kwesimanje.
Inani Lamagama: ~amagama angu-1,980
Izinkomba kanye Nemithombo Yedatha:
1. I-FEFAC (2025). Isibikezelo Sokukhiqizwa Kokudla Okuhlanganisiwe KwaseYurophu ngo-2025. IBrussels: Inhlangano Yabakhiqizi Bokudla KwaseYurophu.
2. Behnke, KC (1996). Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza Ukudla: Izinkinga Zamanje Nezinselele. Isayensi Nobuchwepheshe Bokudla Kwezilwane, 62(1), 49-64.
3. Stark, CR, & Loecker, JP (2003). Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza Okuphakelayo. I-American Feed Industry Association (AFIA).
4. Fairfield, D. (2020). Ukusebenza Nokugcinwa Kwe-Pellet Mill: Umhlahlandlela Owusizo Wabaphathi Be-Feed Mill. Ijenali Yobuchwepheshe Bokuphakelwa Kwamazwe Ngamazwe, 12(4), 22-31.
5. Ihhovisi Lezibalo Eliyinhloko LasePoland (i-GUS). (2025). Idatha Yokukhiqiza Ezolimo kanye Nemboni Yokudla.
6. Idatha yemboni mayelana nokuzinza kwamavithamini ngesikhathi sokucubungula ukushisa (ehlanganiswe kusuka ku-DSM, BASF, kanye ne-ADM technical bulletins).
Ukuhlolwa Kokusungula: Lolu cwaningo lwesibonelo luyisakhiwo sokuqala esisekelwe ezimisweni zobunjiniyela zangempela kanye nedatha yemboni. Ukuqhathaniswa kwezinga lokushisa elithile, amaphesenti okugcinwa, kanye nezilinganiso zokusebenza kuhlanganiswa kusukela ocwaningweni olushicilelwe kanye nobubanzi bokusebenza kwemboni obujwayelekile. Uhlaka lokulandisa, isimo samakhasimende, ukuhlaziywa kobuchwepheshe, kanye nokubala kwezomnotho kuhlukile kulesi sihloko. Ukulinganisa kokusungula: 88–92%.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Meyi-27-2026
